Some Wonders of Modern Science

The present is an age of science. Now –a-day in all think in terms of science and its gifts to mankind. It has rendered possible a safe flight in the air, safety in finer, transmission of news of various kinds from one corner of the world to another in no time, and so on and so forth. The advantages derived from these and other glorious achievement of science, such as swift locomotion, gramophone, television, telephone, cinema, medicines, X-rays, etc., are so intimately linked with our modern life that is simply next to impossibility to conceive of modern civilization and cultural progress something apart from science . The world of the means of communication has been simply revolutionized and cultural by the invention of wireless. It has ensured safety of ship at sea. Radio is a source of great recreation for all. It keeps many people in touch.
Now let us move to an other great discovery that is electricity. This great discovery which is has defined time and space and has added greatly to the enjoy and comfort of life is electricity .Electric machines have largely supplanted hand – labour and are producing better necessaries of life in great abundance at much lower cost of production . Science has not only added to our physical comforts but is also no less responsible for our mental and intellectual development and dissemination of knowledge is mainly due to the improved ways of printing. There is no doubt to say that all what is happening today is because of science.
There is one problem and question, Is science all for human comforts? Aero planes carry passengers and mails, but they also drop bombs and kill men in thousands poisonous gasses, tanks, armoured cars, ( Protected by armour (used of persons or things military)
Long-range guns and others instruments of war are terribly destructive in character . So we may also say that science , in spite of all the comforts and relief’s that is brought to humanity, is no less responsible for the misery, restlessness and worries of man . Here again there is no point in fact science is in power of man .Man is not power of science .Man is using science .Science is not using man. So it depends on us how we use it . we can use this science for the constructive as well as destructive purposes but it is up to man how he uses it.

RELATION SHIP OF AGRICULTURE WITH OTHER SCIENCE

Agriculture is a system of farming based .how ever agriculture has its origin & close relation ship largely with science of physics, Botany, chemistry, Zoology, Agro meteorology and economics.

PHYSICS,
The study of physics is very important in relative to plant nutrient and growth in agriculture operations and practices, use of hand tools and tillage implements which are working on physical and mechanicals laws .The efficiency of such implements is depending upon its construction.

BOTANY,
Botany is science of plants and its structures, growth, habits and life cycle, It deals with morphology ,histology, physiology and ecology of such plant which we apply in agriculture .The plant breeding as a branch of botany play major role in development of present agriculture by evolving
New varieties with desire able characters suitable to different soil and climatic conditions .

CHEMISTRY,
Chemistry as science of matter gives systematic knowledge of composition of matter, It not only deals with composition and properties of soil particles , but this branch of science is involved in dealing with soil physics (nature of soil ), Geology ( science of earth) , nature of soil in relation to fertilizers, manures and organic matters
Chemistry also deals with dairy products, insecticides, , pesticides, and growth hormones .The study of soil helps in selecting different crops and implements to particular type of soil .

ZOOLOGY,
Zoology is a biological science deals with animals and their mode of life that helps us on the farms, In agriculture, The science of raising animals for different purposes known as “Animal Husbandry” has close relation with Zoology . The other related science known as “ ENTOMOLGY” study of insect ,pest is also a part of zoology , and this science is helping to farmer deal with the agricultural crops and successful farming How ever, poultry farming, parasitology, fish farming, Apiculture, sericulture and veterinary are also its branches .

AGRO METEOROLOGY,
This is science of weather and climates which deals with climates of any particular region that have direct relation to agriculture .
Agro meteorology is also known as agriculture meteorology Or Agro climatology including weather and climatic components such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, sunlight, wind and length of day . for optimum crop growth specific climatic conditions are required.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS,
It deals with the study of agricultural commodities, capital investment , labor, trade , transportation and marketing of agricultural price.

Important Trees, Plants, Flowers

Important Trees, Plants, Flowers,

Anodyne

            Herbs,  which relieves pain.

Ash     

Any of various deciduous pinnate-leaved ornamental or timber tree  with silver grey bark  and strong  wood , blue  ash mountain ash and prickly  ash is not true ash.

used for furniture , tool handles and sporting goods such as baseball bats.

Bamboo

             A Woody   warm & tropical grass having hollow woody stems; mature canes used in building material ,furniture, utensils ,paper  and flutes are also made from it.

Camphor (natural)

A resin obtained from the camphor tree; used in making celluloid and liniment.

Native to China, Japan, & Taiwan .

Carnation

 Eurasian plant with pink to purple-red spice-scented usually double flowers;  it cultivated in many varieties and many colours.

It is a Garden plant of Europe.

Chrysanthemum

                      National flower of  Japan .it may be  grown by seed and  are more usually reproduce by cutting. numerous perennial Old World herbs having showy brightly coloured flower heads of the genera Chrysanthemum; widely cultivated.

Cinchona

Medicinal bark of cinchona  shrubs  trees; source of quinine  it was found  in India, Sri lanka and Philippines.

Cinquefoil                    

Genus of plants, belonging to rose family, An ornamental carving consisting of five arcs arranged in a circle; abundant in temperate regions; alleged to have medicinal properties.

Coca   

Cocaine shrub It  leaves are chewed by natives of the Andes; a source of cocaine

In Bolivia and peru

Cocoa

A beverage & foods   made from cocoa powder and milk and sugar; usually drunk hot.

Coconut

Tall palm tree bearing coconuts as fruits; widely planted throughout the tropics

Native to India, Bangladesh,  srilanka & an others  south Asian  countries.

Its fruits eaten and it is also used face cream. The leaves are woven in mats ,baskets & rope etc .

Date

            Genus of palm, Sweet edible fruit of the date palm with a single long woody seed.          Its fruits eaten

Native to north Africa south west Asia,  parts of India & Pakistan .

Eucalyptus

Wood of any of various eucalyptus trees valued as timber . native to Australia  soap, medicine made from its leaves .

Gooseberry

It  shrub plant  having greenish purple-tinged flowers and  fruits are generally globular . Used in jams & jellies.

Jasmine

Any of several shrubs and vines of the genus Belong the oleaceae family. National floral symbol  of Pakistan.  Chiefly  native to Iran, India, Pakistan, China & Europe.

Jute

Annual tropical  plant grown for  fiber used in making rope & sacks.

Mahogany

Any of various tropical timber trees of the family Meliaceae especially the genus Swietinia valued for their hard wood that is readily worked and takes a high polish

Wood is used for making furniture it is native to West India  and USA .

 Myrrh

 Name of small thorny tree,  Aromatic resin that is burned as incense and used in    perfume.

Pine

A tree  native to India and China.

Sultana

Pale yellow seedless grape used for raisins and wine, grown in Turkey.

Sandal wood

Name of several  fragrant  tropical yellowish heartwood .  sandal wood is made various wares ;  used for carving , cabinetwork and oil perfumery . 

Teak

Hard strong durable yellowish-brown wood of teak trees;  resistant to insects and to warping; used for furniture , in ship building and agricultural implement.

RIVERS OF THE WORLD

WORLD’S FAMOUS STREETS

        

‘Baldwin street’ is situated in the country  New Zealand.

‘Bond street’ is situated in the country England.

‘Bond street  is famous for jewellery and tailoring.

‘Broadway street’ is situated in the country USA.

‘Broadway street’ is famous for  cinema halls.

‘Canal street’ is situated in the country USA.

‘Dalal street’ is situated in the country UK.

‘Downing  street’ is situated in the country UK.

‘Downing street’ is famous for official residence of British Prime minister.

‘Elgin street’ is situated in the country Scotland.

The world’s  shortest street is  Elgin street.

‘Fleet street’ is situated in the country London.

Fleet street is famous for News papers and press agencies offices.

‘Lombard street’ is situated in the country San Francisco.

Lombard street is called crookdest.

Monumental axis’s is satiated in  Brazil.

The world’s narrowest street is Visolo della Virilita.

‘Wall street’ is situated in the city new York.

‘Yonge street’ is situated in the city Toronto.

World’s longest street is Yonge street.
 

Wall street is famous for  Banking , finance and stock exchange.

Water

WADERO

It is sindhi language it means landowner .this is also symbol of zamindar in sindh pakistan.

WAT

            Right condition of land for ploughing  after rain or irrigation.

WATER

Water is   necessary for  all kinds of life (animals , plants ) on earth . water is backbone for life without water, life is can not exist .  it is composed two atoms one is hydrogen & an other is oxygen  ( H₂O) .  Colourless ,test less liquid,

 Water freezes into ice at 0⁰ C  and at atmospheric pressure ,boils at 100⁰ C

 In  the gaseous state  water consists of single H₂O molecules.

WATER BERRIES

A disorder of the grape in which the fruits are watery & fail to ripen properly.

 WATER CORE

                        A disorder  of the apples in which flashy tissues, either around the core  become watery , hard and glassy.

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WATER DUTY

                        The area irrigated per unit of water per season of year .

WATER HARVESTING

                                    It is device to utilize  the collected and prescribed rain water for the purpose of profitable yield of crops in dry lands This technique  is applied to areas which fulfill the water requirements .depending upon  slope of the area with less than 5% soil and cost of earth work

WATER GAS

A mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with small amounts of other gases; made by blowing steam over hot coke or coal

                       

C(s)+ H₂O(g)____ CO(g) + H₂(g)

CH₄ (g) + H₂O(g) ____CO(g) + 3H₂(g)

This production  of water gas using methane is an important step in the preparation of hydrogen for ammonia synthesis . compare producer gas.

WATER GARDENING

                                    The branch of landscape  horticulture , it is the science of  the growing ornamental plants in natural

( ORNAMENTAL = Any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value).

WATER QUALITY

                             Water is most essential units for life survival. water quality in general is determined by gases. The demand for qualities of water is increasing for irrigation drinking ,industries, and generation of water of power.  Natural River water is generally good quality.

WATER SRINKLER

                                    It is apply watering, seedling and flowering plants

WATERSPOUT

                        A channel through which water is discharged (especially one used for drainage from the gutters of a roof).

WATER POTENTIAL

                                    The  mechanical or chemical potential of water.

WATER TABLE

                        Underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water.

WATERRECOURSE

                                    A water supply channel constructed and maintained by farmers to delivers water from a mogha to farmer’s ditches.

WATERLOGGING

                               The addition of excess water to a soil ,resulting in loss of structure of soil and a soggy condition  of a soil  when all spaces or pores between soil particles   are filled with water rather than air.  However, water logging occurs in conditions of heavy rainfall and where natural drainage is impeded. The soil with  relatively small pore spaces ( such as clay  or silt soil ) and more quickly waterlogged  than soils with larger spaces such as sand. However, water logging  causes reduction in plant growth because roots can not survive and remain active in the absence of air. Thus, soil saturated with the free water, which may get accumulated on the ground surface.

WATERSHED

                        The crest of the surrounding  uplands that from the boundary of a river basin.

                                   

WAXING

            The application of  coating fruits with a thin film of wax  for reducing the rate of respiration  and extending the shelf life .

WEATHERING

                        The atmospheric conditions changes  produce in rocks  , at the earth surface  by atmospheric agents .

WEED

            It is plant growing in a crop  it was not sown by farmer. Its location is very harmful than beneficial .weeds are unwanted plants either wild growing in monoculture.

Weeds reduce the yield and quality of crops

Examples   Jhil , Sinjh, Naro, Chabbar,  Kandero, Drubh, Lular, Waho, etc.

WEED KILLER

                        It is  a chemical substance  which kills  weeds and not damage  crops.

WEEDICIDE

                        The chemical used to kill weeds.

WEEDING

            The practices of removing weeds in between crops rows .

WHIP

A long  scion (A shoot or sprout of a plant cut for grafting)   used  for tongue and groove grafting.

WHORL         

            A round shape formed by a series of concentric in a ring  branches  growing in the circle from  a joint on trunk.

WHORLED

Forming one or more whorls especially Cluster of leaves around a stem.

WIDE RANGE

                        The capacity of a pesticide to control a variety  of pest .

WIND            

Air currents moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

It measures by anemometer.

WIND BREAK

Hedge or fence of trees, Shrubs & vegetables   designed to lessen the force of the wind and reduce erosion

WOOD

The hard  inner fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees.

WOODLAND

Land that is covered with trees, shrubs &  woody plants.

 WOODEN HAMMER

                                    It is an instrument  which is madden by wood . it is used breaking for clods on small scale.

WOOL

A fabric made from the hair of sheep.

WORMICIDE

                        The used to kill worms

CHEMICAL FORMULAS

DISSIMILAR SCIENCES

ASTRONOMY :

                        The science of heavenly bodies.

 SEISMOLOGY:

                        It is the  scientific study and measurement of earthquakes.

ECOLOGY :

It is the  scientific study of relationship of between  organism and their environment .

METROLOGY:

                        It is the science of weather .

ONCOLGY:

                        It is the study of cancer .

ENTOMOLOGY :

                          The word entomology of the two Greek words  ENTOMEN means  insect  and LOGOS means science. 

 The branch of zoology  that studies of insects.

ZOOLOGY:

            Zoo means animals logos means science .It means science of an animals.

CYTOLOGY:

                        It is science which related with Biology dealing with the structure and function of cell.

CARYOLOGY:

                        The study of nuts and kernels ,specially study of grains.

CLIMATOLOGY:

                        The science of the earth’s various climates . their distribution and the way  they affect human animals and plant life .

ORNITHOLOGY:

                        The branch of zoology  that means  studies  of birds.

HELMINTHOLOGY:

                        Study of the  worms.

ICHTHYOLOGY:

                        It is science of the  fishes which is  branch of zoology.

MYCOLOGY:

                       

                        The branch of   botany that studies fungi and  fungus-caused diseases.

POMOLOGY:

                        Study of fruits  and cultivates fruits .

YEARLING:

YEARLING:

                         An animal in its second year

             A  term used for an animal b\w age 1 to 2 years

YIELD:

Production of a certain amount from an animals or area of land  yield also Be relevant return of capitals.

YOKE:

A pair of draft animals joined by a yoke. It wooden frame by which draught  bullocks for pulling the load .

YOLK:

The food stored  of an egg or ovum animals for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird which is rich in fat & protein).

XANTHOPHYLL:

The oxidation product carotenoids found in chloroplast.

XENIA:

Biological  the effect that genes from pollen upon the endosperm.

XEROPHYTES:

                       

Plant adapted for life  with a limited supply of water  as deserts plants such as opuntia , cactus , calotropis etc.

XYLEM:

             Movement Water & dissolved salts take place by roots .

The woody part of plant consist  of a large number of strengthened cells such as fibers, tracheas & vessels that from tubular system from the roots to the shoots.

x :

             It is ten in roman                      (x =10)

Being one more than nine.

The 24th letter of the Roman alphabet.

xx:

              It is twenty in roman                ( x =20)

OR

(Genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female

 xxx :

              It is thirty in roman                  (x =30)

OR

            (Genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female

TERMS OF AGRICULTURE

ZYGOTE :

                        (genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell).

                        The fertilized ovum .The cell formed by immediate product of fusion or union of a male and female gametes . The cell produced by results from the fusion of the male gametes  with the female gametes (ova) at fertilization  this occurs when spermatozoa come in to contact with an ovum at fertilization this product of united gametes of an organism.

ZYGOMORPHIC:

                        The term of applied to the flowers which can  be divided in to equal halves in longitudinal one plane passing through the axis.

ZOOSPORE :

                        An asexual spore of some   algae  and fungi that moves by means of flagella.

ZOOPLANKTON:

                        The  animal  community which floats in marine and fresh water with the water content.

ZOOPHILY:

                        The process in which  pollination by pollen in the plants is carried by animals.

ZOOLOGY :

                        Zoo means Animals +logy means study

 It is the  study of animals  which  is branch of science ( BIO LOGY).

ZONE ;                       

Any of the regions of the surface of the Earth loosely divided according to latitude or longitude.

ZERO TILLAGE :

                        It refers to no tillage in which the crop is planted in unprepared soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage .the  cultivation  of crops without tillage practices is called zero tillage  where the seed sown with direct seeding drills as to control weeds by herbicides used .

ZERO STRESS:

                        A level of response of the a plant neither to an environmental factors that leads neither to injury   nor  to reduction in growth.

ZAMINDAR  OWNER                        

A person who owns something such as lands , buildings etc.

every day science

Torque :

The turning effort applied to the shaft, as that of steam engine by the various cranks .The term originated in electrical engineering.

Torque efficiency:

                        The ratio of the actual torque of a motor the torque which it would exert if free from frictional forces.

Torsion:

In mechanics, that force with which a thread wire or rod of any material depends to return to state of rest after being twisted.

(2) The act of turning or twisting or the state of being twisted.

Tensional stiffness:

In mechanics that the amount of rigidity of a shaft by which it is enabled to resist ,not simply such strains would produce actual twisting off but also such excessive vibrations as would prevent it from doing it work with due steadness.

Torsional strain :

The effect setup in the body by the torsional stress which tends to rupture  it by twisting one fiber around an other.

Torsional strength:

 Resistance to being twisted or wrenched off in direction about its axis as in case of shafting.

Engine:

                        Compound machine.

Diesel engine  :

A diesel engine is an oil engine which uses low grade oil and iginates this fuel by the heat of air compression.

Petrol engine :

It is an engine that require high grade oil, gasoline and ignites it by an electric spark after the gasoline has been mixed with air in carburetor and compressed.

Weir :

it is defined as it the full of the vessels or tank the water flows over the wall is called weir.

Pascal law:

it states that intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid (liquid +gas) at rest ,is the same in all direction.

Piezo meter :

it is simple from manometer it is used to measure the moderate pressure.

 Vaccum:

Any pressure which is less than atmospheric pressure is known as vaccum .

Simple manometer :

simple manometer is an instrument or improved from piezo meter it is like U shape .It has two limbs this instrument measures the medium neither very small nor very large + ve and negative pressure.

Hydrostatic:

The term of  hydrostatic meaning the study of pressure exerted by liquid.

Total pressure:

F/A=W/A

Bernoullis equation:

For parallel in compressed liquid flowing in continuous stream .The total energy of the particle remains the same while the particle moves from one point to an other provided no friction.

Notch:      

An opening is one side of the tanks like large orifice with the up stream liquid level below the top edge of the opening.

                                                       

EVERY DAY SCIENCE

Matter:

 consists of some thing which has weight, occupies space, and which can affect our senses.

Molecule:

Matter is made of molecule. A molecule is the smallest particle of substance which can exist in a free state and possesses.

Mass:

Quality of a matter contained in a body.

Weight:

Force which a body is attracted towards earth.

 Density:

            Mass per unit volume.

Speed:

 It is the rate of motion and a scalar quantity, i.e possesses magnitude only.

Acceleration:

Is the rate of increase of velocity.

Force:

            Is a push or pull which changes or tends to change destroys.

Work:

            When the point of application of the force moves work is said to be done.

Erg:

Is the unit of work and is the amount of work done when a force of one dyne moves a body through 1 cm in the direction of the force. Erg is the CGS unit of work.

Power:

 Rate of doing work is called power.

Energy:

Capacity to do work is called energy.

Potential energy:

Energy due to its position.

Kinetic energy:

            Energy due to motion.

Equilibrium:

Is the force acting on a body produces no change in its state of rest or motion. The body is said in equilibrium.

Lever:

            It is a straight bar which is a capable of a rotation around a fixed point called fulcrum.

Surface tension:

    The force of tension on the account of intermolecular force on the surface of a liquid is called     surface tension.

Calorie:

    Is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water 1⁰  c.

Temperature:

    Is the degree of hotness in a body.

Latent heat:

                   Is the heat which is spent in the changing the state of a body without raising its temperature.

Total heat:

Total heat ,( a term used in calculation; it represents the units of the heat when the weight of the steam is one pound .It is  the sum of the heat units in the water ,above 32⁰ fahr and the latent heat of the steam.

Sensible heat :

                        (h) It is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of liquid from 0⁰ c to the boiling                             

                        point.